Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease): What You Need to Know to Keep Your Smile Healthy

Periodontal disease, commonly known as gum disease, is a widespread oral health problem affecting millions worldwide. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss and even impact your overall health. Understanding what periodontal disease is, how to spot it early, and how to prevent or treat it can save your smile—and your health.

What Is Periodontal Disease?

Periodontal disease is an infection of the gums and the supporting structures of your teeth. It starts with gingivitis, the inflammation of the gums caused by plaque buildup. If not treated, gingivitis can progress into periodontitis, where the infection spreads deeper, damaging the bone and connective tissue that hold your teeth in place.

Causes and Risk Factors

The primary cause of periodontal disease is poor oral hygiene, which allows plaque—a sticky film of bacteria—to accumulate along the gum line. Other risk factors include:

  • Smoking or tobacco use

  • Diabetes

  • Genetic predisposition

  • Hormonal changes (e.g., pregnancy, menopause)

  • Certain medications

  • Stress

  • Poor nutrition

  • Immune system disorders

Signs and Symptoms to Watch For

Early-stage gum disease (gingivitis) might not cause pain, but there are signs you should never ignore:

  • Red, swollen, or tender gums

  • Bleeding gums during brushing or flossing

  • Persistent bad breath

  • Receding gums or gums pulling away from teeth

  • Loose or shifting teeth

  • Changes in your bite or how your teeth fit together

Why Periodontal Disease Matters Beyond Your Mouth

Research shows a strong connection between periodontal disease and systemic health problems like:

  • Heart disease

  • Stroke

  • Diabetes complications

  • Respiratory disease

  • Pregnancy complications (e.g., premature birth, low birth weight)

The inflammation and bacteria in your gums can enter your bloodstream, affecting your whole body.

How Is Periodontal Disease Diagnosed?

During your dental visit, your dentist or hygienist will:

  • Measure the depth of gum pockets around your teeth

  • Check for gum bleeding and inflammation

  • Take X-rays to assess bone loss

  • Review your medical and dental history

Early detection is key to successful treatment.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the stage of the disease:

1. Professional Cleaning

  • Removal of plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line

  • Polishing teeth to remove stains and smooth surfaces

2. Scaling and Root Planing

  • Deep cleaning procedure to remove bacteria from root surfaces and smooth rough spots

  • Helps gums reattach to teeth

3. Medications

  • Antibiotic gels or mouth rinses to reduce bacteria

  • Oral antibiotics for severe infections

4. Surgical Treatments

  • Flap surgery to clean deep pockets

  • Bone and tissue grafts to regenerate lost structures

Preventing Periodontal Disease

Good news: periodontal disease is largely preventable with consistent care:

  • Brush teeth twice daily with fluoride toothpaste

  • Floss daily to remove plaque between teeth

  • Regular dental check-ups and cleanings

  • Quit smoking and manage underlying health issues

  • Maintain a healthy diet rich in vitamins and minerals

Final Thoughts

Periodontal disease is a serious but manageable condition. Early intervention and good oral hygiene can keep your gums healthy and protect your smile for life. If you notice any signs of gum problems, don’t wait—schedule a dental visit today.

Concerned about your gum health?
Contact us for a comprehensive periodontal assessment and personalized care plan.